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1 Best historical eras for studying early complex societies

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These periods mark humanity's transition from hunter-gatherer bands to organized states with social stratification and specialized roles. Historical eras featuring early complex societies illuminate the critical transitions through which human communities developed unprecedented levels of social stratification, occupational specialization, monumental architecture, and political centralization. These periods showcase how agricultural surpluses, technological innovations, trade networks, and religious institutions enabled the growth of cities and states with diverse populations and complex organizational structures. They reveal the emergence of social hierarchies, specialized crafts, writing systems, legal codes, taxation systems, and military organizations that transformed human experience. From Mesopotamian city-states to Mesoamerican urban centers, these eras provide rich material for understanding the parallel yet distinctive processes through which societies across different geographical regions developed increasingly complex political, economic, and cultural systems that laid foundations for later civilizational developments.
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